4.5.3 The strong element Categories: Flow content. Phrasing content. Palpable content. Contexts in which this element can be used: Where phrasing content is expected. Content model: Phrasing content. Content attributes: Global. I know how to write to a file, and read from a file, but I don't know how to modify a file besides reading the entire file into memory, manipulating it, and rewriting the entire file. For large files this isn't very productive. The Problem. Uploading a file is a common piece of functionality found on the web. But when trying to automate it you get prompted with a with a dialog box that is just out of reach for Selenium. In these cases people often. Reading and Writing Files: The same methods that we've been using for 'simple' I/O are available for all file objects. So, gets reads a line from standard input, and aFile.gets reads a line from the file object aFile. However. This book is a tutorial and reference for the Ruby programming language. Use Ruby, and you'll write better code, be more productive, and enjoy programming more. These are bold claims, but we think that after reading this book. You’ve probably already used many of the applications that were built with Ruby on Rails: Basecamp, GitHub, Shopify, Airbnb, Twitch, SoundCloud, Hulu, Zendesk, Square, Highrise. Those are just some of the big names, but. Ruby (programming language) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Ruby. Paradigm. Multi- paradigm: Object- oriented, imperative, functional, reflective. Designed by. Yukihiro Matsumoto. Developer. Yukihiro Matsumoto, et al. First appeared. 19. Stable release. 2. April 2. 6, 2. 01. Typing discipline. Read/Write Text Files <Random Numbers | TOC | Regular Expressions> Let's look at how we can read / write to a text file with the help of a simple program p027readwrite.rb. Ruby Semantic versioning; MAJOR: Increased when incompatible change which can’t be released in MINOR. Reserved for special events. MAJOR: Increased when you make incompatible API changes. MINOR: increased every Christmas. Duck, dynamic. Scope. Lexical, sometimes dynamic. OSCross- platform. License. Ruby, GPLv. BSD license[2][3][4]Filename extensions. Websitewww. ruby- lang. Major implementations. Ruby MRI, YARV, Rubinius, Mag. Lev, JRuby, Mac. Ruby, Ruby. Motion, Hot. Ruby, Iron. Ruby, Mruby. Influenced by. Ada,[5]C++,[5]CLU,[6]Dylan,[6]Eiffel,[5]Lua, Lisp,[6]Perl,[6]Python,[6]Smalltalk[6]Influenced. Coffeescript, Clojure, Crystal, D, Elixir, Falcon, Groovy, Ioke,[7]Julia,[8]Mirah, Nu,[9] potion, Reia, Rust, Swift[1. Ruby is a dynamic, reflective, object- oriented, general- purpose programming language. It was designed and developed in the mid- 1. Yukihiro "Matz" Matsumoto in Japan. According to its creator, Ruby was influenced by Perl, Smalltalk, Eiffel, Ada, and Lisp.[1. It supports multiple programming paradigms, including functional, object- oriented, and imperative. It also has a dynamic type system and automatic memory management. History[edit]Early concept[edit]Ruby was conceived on February 2. In a 1. 99. 9 post to the ruby- talk mailing list, Ruby author Yukihiro Matsumoto describes some of his early ideas about the language: [1. I was talking with my colleague about the possibility of an object- oriented scripting language. I knew Perl (Perl. Perl. 5), but I didn't like it really, because it had the smell of a toy language (it still has). The object- oriented language seemed very promising. I knew Python then. But I didn't like it, because I didn't think it was a true object- oriented language — OO features appeared to be add- on to the language. As a language maniac and OO fan for 1. I really wanted a genuine object- oriented, easy- to- use scripting language. I looked for but couldn't find one. So I decided to make it. Matsumoto describes the design of Ruby as being like a simple Lisp language at its core, with an object system like that of Smalltalk, blocks inspired by higher- order functions, and practical utility like that of Perl.[1. The name "Ruby"[edit]The name "Ruby" originated during an online chat session between Matsumoto and Keiju Ishitsuka on February 2. Initially two names were proposed: "Coral" and "Ruby". Matsumoto chose the latter in a later e- mail to Ishitsuka.[1. Matsumoto later noted a factor in choosing the name "Ruby" – it was the birthstone of one of his colleagues.[1. First publication[edit]The first public release of Ruby 0. Japanese domestic newsgroups on December 2. Subsequently three more versions of Ruby were released in two days.[1. The release coincided with the launch of the Japanese- languageruby- list mailing list, which was the first mailing list for the new language. Already present at this stage of development were many of the features familiar in later releases of Ruby, including object- oriented design, classes with inheritance, mixins, iterators, closures, exception handling and garbage collection.[2. Early releases[edit]Following the release of Ruby 0. Ruby were released in the following years: Ruby 1. December 2. 5, 1. Ruby 1. 2: December 1. Ruby 1. 4: August 1. Ruby 1. 6: September 2. In 1. 99. 7, the first article about Ruby was published on the Web. In the same year, Matsumoto was hired by netlab. Ruby as a full- time developer.[1. In 1. 99. 8, the Ruby Application Archive was launched by Matsumoto, along with a simple English- language homepage for Ruby.[1. In 1. 99. 9, the first English language mailing list ruby- talk began, which signaled a growing interest in the language outside Japan.[2. In this same year, Matsumoto and Keiju Ishitsuka wrote the first book on Ruby, The Object- oriented Scripting Language Ruby (オブジェクト指å‘スクリプト言語 Ruby), which was published in Japan in October 1. It would be followed in the early 2. Ruby published in Japanese.[1. By 2. 00. 0, Ruby was more popular than Python in Japan.[2. In September 2. 00. English language book Programming Ruby was printed, which was later freely released to the public, further widening the adoption of Ruby amongst English speakers. In early 2. 00. 2, the English- language ruby- talk mailing list was receiving more messages than the Japanese- language ruby- list, demonstrating Ruby's increasing popularity in the English- speaking world. Ruby 1. 8[edit]Ruby 1. August 2. 00. 3, was stable for a long time, and was retired June 2. Although deprecated, there is still code based on it. Ruby 1. 8 is only partially compatible with Ruby 1. Ruby 1. 8 has been the subject of several industry standards. The language specifications for Ruby were developed by the Open Standards Promotion Center of the Information- Technology Promotion Agency (a Japanese government agency) for submission to the Japanese Industrial Standards Committee (JISC) and then to the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). It was accepted as a Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS X 3. ISO/IEC 3. 01. 70) in 2. Around 2. 00. 5, interest in the Ruby language surged in tandem with Ruby on Rails, a web framework written in Ruby. Rails is frequently credited with increasing awareness of Ruby.[2. Ruby 1. 9[edit]Ruby 1. December 2. 00. 7. Effective with Ruby 1. October 3. 1, 2. 01. Ruby switched from being dual- licensed under the Ruby License and the GPL to being dual- licensed under the Ruby License and the two- clause BSD license.[2. Adoption of 1. 9 was slowed by changes from 1. Ruby 1. 9 introduces many significant changes over the 1. Examples: block local variables (variables that are local to the block in which they are declared)an additional lambda syntax: f=- > (a,b){putsa+b}per- string character encodings are supportednew socket API (IPv. Ruby 1. 9 has been obsolete since February 2. Users are advised to upgrade to a more recent version. Ruby 2. 0[edit]Ruby 2. Module#prepend, for extending a class,a new literal for creating an array of symbols,new API for the lazy evaluation of Enumerables, anda new convention of using #to_h to convert objects to Hashes.[3. Ruby 2. 0 is intended to be fully backward compatible with Ruby 1. As of the official 2. February 2. 4, 2. It has been obsolete since February 2. Users are advised to upgrade to a more recent version. Ruby 2. 1[edit]Ruby 2. Christmas Day in 2. The release includes speed- ups, bugfixes, and library updates. Starting with 2. 1. Ruby's versioning policy is more like semantic versioning.[3. Although similar, Ruby's versioning policy is not compatible with semantic versioning: Ruby. Semantic versioning. MAJOR: Increased when incompatible change which can’t be released in MINOR. Reserved for special events. MAJOR: Increased when you make incompatible API changes. MINOR: increased every Christmas, may be API incompatible. MINOR: increased when you add functionality in a backwards- compatible manner. TEENY: security or bug fix which maintains API compatibility. May be increased more than 1. PATCH: increased when you make backwards- compatible bug fixes. PATCH: number of commits since last MINOR release (will be reset at 0 when releasing MINOR).- Semantic versioning also provides additional labels for pre- release and build metadata are available as extensions to the MAJOR. MINOR. PATCH format, not available at Ruby. Ruby 2. 2[edit]Ruby 2. Christmas Day in 2. The release includes speed- ups, bugfixes, and library updates and removes some deprecated APIs. Most notably, Ruby 2. It also contains experimental support for using vfork(2) with system() and spawn(), and added support for the Unicode 7. Features that were made obsolete or removed include callcc, the DL library, Digest: :HMAC, lib/rational. GServer, Logger: :Application as well as various C API functions.[3. Power. PC6. 4 Performance. After version 2. 2. Ruby MRI became performance compatible with Power. PC6. 4 operating systems.[3. Ruby 2. 3[edit]Ruby 2. December 2. 5, 2. A few notable changes include: The ability to mark all strings literals as frozen by default with consequently large performance increase in string operations.[4. Hash comparison to allow direct checking of key/value pairs instead of just keys. A new safe navigation operator&. The did_you_mean gem is now bundled by default and required on startup to automatically suggest similar name matches on a Name. Error or No. Method. Error. Hash#dig and Array#dig to easily extract deeply nested values (e. Foo Baz'}}}, the value Foo Baz can now be retrieved by profile. The 2. 3 branch also includes many performance improvements, updates, and bugfixes including changes to Proc#call, Socket and IO use of exception keywords, Thread#name handling, default passive Net: :FTP connections, and Rake being removed from stdlib.[4. Table of versions[edit]Version. Latest teeny version. Initial release date. End of support phase. End of security maintenance phase. Old version, no longer supported: 1. Old version, no longer supported: 1. Old version, no longer supported: 2. Older version, yet still supported: 2. TBAOlder version, yet still supported: 2. TBATBACurrent stable version: 2. TBATBAFuture release: 2. Future release: 3. TBA[6. 1]Legend: Old version. Older version, still supported. Latest version. Latest preview version. Future release. Philosophy[edit]Matsumoto has said that Ruby is designed for programmer productivity and fun, following the principles of good user interface design.[6. At a Google Tech Talk in 2. Matsumoto further stated, "I hope to see Ruby help every programmer in the world to be productive, and to enjoy programming, and to be happy. That is the primary purpose of Ruby language."[6. He stresses that systems design needs to emphasize human, rather than computer, needs: [6. Often people, especially computer engineers, focus on the machines. They think, "By doing this, the machine will run fast. By doing this, the machine will run more effectively.
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Congressional Church established in New England Stateso. Strongest in Virginiao. Thomas Jefferson won passage of Virginia Statue for Religious Freedom. Philadelphia Quakers Founded 1st antislavery society (in the world)4. 1. Continental Congress tried to abolish slave trade (Some northern states did)o. Laws still discriminated against slaveso. No state south of Pennsylvania abolish slaveryo. Afraid slavery might break union. Abigail Adams advocated for women’s rightso. Women keeps of the nations conscience ( republican motherhood)II. Constitution Making in the States. Continental Congress called to draft new constitutions. Massachusetts created a special convention to creates its constitutiono. Direct ratification by the peopleo. Mass. adopted Constitution that could only be changed by constitutional convention (later limited to federal Constitution)3. British - Constitution is a cummulation of laws. Most documents had a Bill of Rights. All states made executive and judicial branches (weak in comparison to today)III. Economic Crosscurrents. Loyalists large land holdings were taken and divided into small farms. America mostly made of farming. Britain cut off good imports. Americans could trade freely with foreign nations. Express of China carried ginseng to China. Wide divide in rich and poor class. IV. A Shaky Start Toward Union. Hard times hit bottom. Political leaders of time: o. George Washingtono. James Madisono. John Adamso. Thomas Jeffersono. Alexander Hamilton V. Creating a Confederation. States: o. Coined moneyoraised armies and naviesohad tariff barriers. Virginia ratified treaty of alliance with France (alone without others states being involved)3. 1. Articles of Confederationonot ratified by all 1. Maryland)4. 1. Northwest Ordinance. Public land handed to Federal gov't (bond of Union)VI. The Articles of Confederation Americas First Constitution. Joint action was to be taken by states. No executive branch. Each state had one vote in congress. States needed for bills to pass. Weaknesses of Congress: 1) Congress was weak - no power to regulate commerce. Congress could not enforce tax- collection programs. Penn soldiers marched to Philadelphia and made threatening demonstrations on Independence Hall. Articles of Confederation acted as a modelo. Thomas Jefferson claimed it to be the best one exsistingo. Weako. Stepping Stone for current constitution (today)VII. Landmarks in Land Laws. Land Oridinence – acrage of the old Northwest should be used to pay off national debt. Northwest Ordinance of 1. Northwesto. Solution: judicial compromise. When it has reached 6. VIII. The World’s Ugly Ducking. Foreign relations with London remain troubled. British believed they would win Americas trade back. Spain unfriendly to new republic in America. Spain closed river commerce to American trade. Spain claimed large area north of Gulf of Mexico granted to US by British in 1. Dey of Algiers took American commerce and enslaved Yankee Sailors. IX. The Horrid Specter of Anarchy. Public debt rising – credit evaporating in foreign nations. States had quarrels. States printed own paper money. Shay’s Rebellion – 1. Massachusettso. Backcountry farmers were loosing farms through mortgageso. Led by Captain Daniel Shayo. They demanded states issue paper money, lighten taxes, and suspend property takeoverso. Mass. responded with small army at Springfield where the movement collapsedo. Mass. Legislators soon passed debtor- relief laws. Fear of Mobocracy. X. A Convention of “Demigods”1. 1. Virginia called for convention in 1. Annapolis, MDo. 9 States appointed delegateso. Only 5 states were represented. Alexander Hamilton asked congress to summon a convention for 1. Philadelphia for speaking of Articles of Confederationo. Every state except RI choose a delegateo. May 2. 5, 1. 78. 7o. Jefferson called the attendants “Demigods”3. George Washington elected as chairman. James Madison known as Father of the Constitution. Hamilton wanted a super powerful gov’t. XI. Patriots in Philadelphia. No delegate represented the poor. Young group and men and interested in nationalism. Lord Sheffield - also a founding father in a sense. Delegates wanted to preserve union and restrain states. Washington - who seen Shay’s Rebellion - was a founding father. XII. Hammering out a Bundle of Compromises. Completely get rid of Articles (instructions were to revise it)2. Virginia – “large- state plan”o. Representation in both houses should be based on population. New Jersey – “small- states plan”o. Representation in both houses should be equal. Great Compromise”o. House of Representatives- based on population (larger states)o. Senate- equal representation (smaller states) each state having twoo. Every tax bill or revenue measure must originate in the house. President - broad authorityo. Make appointments to domestic officeso. Veto legislationo. Power to wage war – Congress (only) could declare waro. Method of electing president – Electoral College. Slaves counted as 3/5 a person. Slave trade could continue till 1. States already forbid slave trade (except Georgia)XIII. Safeguard for Conservationism. Checks and balances among them. Federal judges appointed for life. President elected indirectly by Electoral College. Senators indirectly elected by State Legislator. House of Rep. elected directly by citizens. Gov’t based on consent of governedo. Powers of gov’t should be limited (limited by written Constitution in Americans case)7. Convention lasting from May 2. September 1. 7, 1. Only 4. 2 out of 5. Constitutiono. 3 out of the 4. Delegates returned to states for ratification. XIV. The Clash of Federalists and Antifederalists. Adopted scheme where only 9/1. Constitution. 2. Antifederalists opposed strong federal gov’to. At odds against federalists who favored ito. Key Antifederalists: Samuel Adams, Patrick Henry, and Richard Henry Leeo. Wanted attachment of a Bill of Rights. Federalists – Washington and Franklino. Controlled presso. Wealthier. XV. The Great Debate in States. Constitution quickly. Officially adopted June 2. Excluding Virginia, New York, North Carolina, and Rhode Island. XVI. The Four Laggard States. Virginia had fierce opposition by Antifederalistso. Ratified by 8. 9 to 7. James Madisono“The Federalist” – book of essays commenting the Constitution. New York ratifiedo. Decided it could not prosper without the uniono. North Carolina and Rhode Islando. Both unwillingly ratified after new gov’t was in effect. XVII. A Conservative Triumph. American minority triumphed twiceo. American Radicals vs. British Motherhoodo. Minority Conservatives overthrew Articles of Confederation. States in order of Ratification of the Constitution. Vote #Delaware Dec. Unanimous. Pennsylvania Dec. New Jersey. Dec. 1. Unanimous. Georgia. Jan. 2, 1. 78. 8Unanimous. Connecticut. Jan. Massachusetts. Feb. Maryland Apr. 2. South Carolina. May 2. New Hampshire. Jun. Virginia Jun. New York. Jul. 2. North Carolina. May 2. Rhode Island. May 2. |
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