Consulting Editor. Peter Onuf. Professor Onuf is the Thomas Jefferson Memorial Foundation Professor of History at the University of Virginia. His writings include. Ralph Nader was born in Winsted, Connecticut, to Nathra and Rose (née Bouziane) Nader, immigrants from Lebanon, who were Antiochian Greek Orthodox Christians. The American Pageant, 1. Edition Textbook Notes I. The Pursuit of Equality. Declaration of Independence - "All men are created equal"2. Fight for separation of church and Stateo. Thoughts and opinions on America’s kinetic brand of politics. The blog is named after Alexis de Tocqueville’s study of American politics and society.The Economist offers authoritative insight and opinion on international news, politics, business, finance, science, technology and the connections between them. Roles the Media Play in Elections. The media play an indispensable role in the proper functioning of a democracy. Discussion of the media's functions within electoral. Gateways to Democracy: An Introduction to American Government, 3rd Edition includes MindTap® Political Science, 1 term (6 months) Printed Access Card. Introduction For those of you have followed and commented on Reds! this will at least in part be a retread of what you've already read. However, this is the revised. National political news from the Chicago Tribune. Trump inspires supporters' angst and anger over trade, but at what cost? Congressional Church established in New England Stateso. Strongest in Virginiao. Thomas Jefferson won passage of Virginia Statue for Religious Freedom. Philadelphia Quakers Founded 1st antislavery society (in the world)4. 1. Continental Congress tried to abolish slave trade (Some northern states did)o. Laws still discriminated against slaveso. No state south of Pennsylvania abolish slaveryo. Afraid slavery might break union. Abigail Adams advocated for women’s rightso. Women keeps of the nations conscience ( republican motherhood)II. Constitution Making in the States. Continental Congress called to draft new constitutions. Massachusetts created a special convention to creates its constitutiono. Direct ratification by the peopleo. Mass. adopted Constitution that could only be changed by constitutional convention (later limited to federal Constitution)3. British - Constitution is a cummulation of laws. Most documents had a Bill of Rights. All states made executive and judicial branches (weak in comparison to today)III. Economic Crosscurrents. Loyalists large land holdings were taken and divided into small farms. America mostly made of farming. Britain cut off good imports. Americans could trade freely with foreign nations. Express of China carried ginseng to China. Wide divide in rich and poor class. IV. A Shaky Start Toward Union. Hard times hit bottom. Political leaders of time: o. George Washingtono. James Madisono. John Adamso. Thomas Jeffersono. Alexander Hamilton V. Creating a Confederation. States: o. Coined moneyoraised armies and naviesohad tariff barriers. Virginia ratified treaty of alliance with France (alone without others states being involved)3. 1. Articles of Confederationonot ratified by all 1. Maryland)4. 1. Northwest Ordinance. Public land handed to Federal gov't (bond of Union)VI. The Articles of Confederation Americas First Constitution. Joint action was to be taken by states. No executive branch. Each state had one vote in congress. States needed for bills to pass. Weaknesses of Congress: 1) Congress was weak - no power to regulate commerce. Congress could not enforce tax- collection programs. Penn soldiers marched to Philadelphia and made threatening demonstrations on Independence Hall. Articles of Confederation acted as a modelo. Thomas Jefferson claimed it to be the best one exsistingo. Weako. Stepping Stone for current constitution (today)VII. Landmarks in Land Laws. Land Oridinence – acrage of the old Northwest should be used to pay off national debt. Northwest Ordinance of 1. Northwesto. Solution: judicial compromise. When it has reached 6. VIII. The World’s Ugly Ducking. Foreign relations with London remain troubled. British believed they would win Americas trade back. Spain unfriendly to new republic in America. Spain closed river commerce to American trade. Spain claimed large area north of Gulf of Mexico granted to US by British in 1. Dey of Algiers took American commerce and enslaved Yankee Sailors. IX. The Horrid Specter of Anarchy. Public debt rising – credit evaporating in foreign nations. States had quarrels. States printed own paper money. Shay’s Rebellion – 1. Massachusettso. Backcountry farmers were loosing farms through mortgageso. Led by Captain Daniel Shayo. They demanded states issue paper money, lighten taxes, and suspend property takeoverso. Mass. responded with small army at Springfield where the movement collapsedo. Mass. Legislators soon passed debtor- relief laws. Fear of Mobocracy. X. A Convention of “Demigods”1. 1. Virginia called for convention in 1. Annapolis, MDo. 9 States appointed delegateso. Only 5 states were represented. Alexander Hamilton asked congress to summon a convention for 1. Philadelphia for speaking of Articles of Confederationo. Every state except RI choose a delegateo. May 2. 5, 1. 78. 7o. Jefferson called the attendants “Demigods”3. George Washington elected as chairman. James Madison known as Father of the Constitution. Hamilton wanted a super powerful gov’t. XI. Patriots in Philadelphia. No delegate represented the poor. Young group and men and interested in nationalism. Lord Sheffield - also a founding father in a sense. Delegates wanted to preserve union and restrain states. Washington - who seen Shay’s Rebellion - was a founding father. XII. Hammering out a Bundle of Compromises. Completely get rid of Articles (instructions were to revise it)2. Virginia – “large- state plan”o. Representation in both houses should be based on population. New Jersey – “small- states plan”o. Representation in both houses should be equal. Great Compromise”o. House of Representatives- based on population (larger states)o. Senate- equal representation (smaller states) each state having twoo. Every tax bill or revenue measure must originate in the house. President - broad authorityo. Make appointments to domestic officeso. Veto legislationo. Power to wage war – Congress (only) could declare waro. Method of electing president – Electoral College. Slaves counted as 3/5 a person. Slave trade could continue till 1. States already forbid slave trade (except Georgia)XIII. Safeguard for Conservationism. Checks and balances among them. Federal judges appointed for life. President elected indirectly by Electoral College. Senators indirectly elected by State Legislator. House of Rep. elected directly by citizens. Gov’t based on consent of governedo. Powers of gov’t should be limited (limited by written Constitution in Americans case)7. Convention lasting from May 2. September 1. 7, 1. Only 4. 2 out of 5. Constitutiono. 3 out of the 4. Delegates returned to states for ratification. XIV. The Clash of Federalists and Antifederalists. Adopted scheme where only 9/1. Constitution. 2. Antifederalists opposed strong federal gov’to. At odds against federalists who favored ito. Key Antifederalists: Samuel Adams, Patrick Henry, and Richard Henry Leeo. Wanted attachment of a Bill of Rights. Federalists – Washington and Franklino. Controlled presso. Wealthier. XV. The Great Debate in States. Constitution quickly. Officially adopted June 2. Excluding Virginia, New York, North Carolina, and Rhode Island. XVI. The Four Laggard States. Virginia had fierce opposition by Antifederalistso. Ratified by 8. 9 to 7. James Madisono“The Federalist” – book of essays commenting the Constitution. New York ratifiedo. Decided it could not prosper without the uniono. North Carolina and Rhode Islando. Both unwillingly ratified after new gov’t was in effect. XVII. A Conservative Triumph. American minority triumphed twiceo. American Radicals vs. British Motherhoodo. Minority Conservatives overthrew Articles of Confederation. States in order of Ratification of the Constitution. Vote #Delaware Dec. Unanimous. Pennsylvania Dec. New Jersey. Dec. 1. Unanimous. Georgia. Jan. 2, 1. 78. 8Unanimous. Connecticut. Jan. Massachusetts. Feb. Maryland Apr. 2. South Carolina. May 2. New Hampshire. Jun. Virginia Jun. New York. Jul. 2. North Carolina. May 2. Rhode Island. May 2.
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